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The thyroid is a gland that wraps around the windpipe. It regulates hormones, including metabolism and heartbeat. A malfunctioning thyroid can go undetected because symptoms are often attributed to other problems. However, when the thyroid doesn’t work properly, it impacts the entire body.
Nearly 20 million Americans have a thyroid disorder. Risks include a family history of thyroid disease, you’re over 60, or you have a preexisting condition such as anemia, diabetes, lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. Women are also more likely than men to develop thyroid problems. A thyroid problem generally means the gland is either overactive or underactive.
Hyperthyroidism is when the thyroid produces more hormones than your body needs. The most common causes of a hyperactive thyroid are Graves’ disease — an autoimmune disorder — and thyroid nodules, which swell in one gland section. Hyperthyroidism is commonly treated with the surgical or radioactive removal of the thyroid or anti-thyroid medications. Symptoms of an overactive thyroid include:
- Anxiety and irritability
- Trouble sleeping
- Losing weight
- Having an enlarged thyroid gland or a goiter
- Heat intolerance
- Muscle weakness and tremors
- Irregular menstrual periods or menstrual cycle stops
- Vision problems
Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid does not produce enough hormones. An underactive thyroid is often caused by Hashimoto’s disease— when the immune system attacks the thyroid. Hypothyroidism is treated with medications that replace the thyroid hormone. Symptoms of an underactive thyroid or hypothyroidism include:
- Fatigue
- Weight gain
- Forgetfulness
- Heavy or frequent periods
- Dry and coarse hair
- Hoarse voice
- Intolerance to cold
At your yearly physical, talk with your doctor about any symptoms of thyroid disease you may be experiencing.
